​what Is the Main Premise of the Conflict Framework of Families?
Conflict Theory
By Charlotte Nickerson, published Oct 21, 2021
Disharmonize theory is a general term coving a number of sociological approaches, which appose functionalism, and which share the idea that the basic feature of all societies was the struggle between unlike groups for access to limited resources.
Conflict theories assume that all societies take structural power divisions and resource inequalities that lead to groups having conflicting interests (Wells, 1979).
For example, Marxism emphasizes class conflict over economical resource, but Weber suggests that conflict and inequality tin can be acquired by power and condition independently of class structures.
Primal TAKEAWAYS
- Disharmonize theories emphasize looking at the history and events in a society in terms of structural ability divisions, such equally social grade.
- Although few modern sociologists phone call themselves disharmonize theorists, scholars every bit notable as Karl Marx (1818–1883), Max Weber (1864–1920), Talcott Parsons (1902–1979), and Ralf Dahrendorf (1929–2009) have formulated theories as to what causes conflict, its normalcy, and the impact it has on societies.
- A structural conflict arroyo, such as Marxism, believes that society is in conflict betwixt the classes. They believe that the Suburbia oppress the Proletariat through various social institutions without their full knowledge.
- Some sociologists, such as Crouch (2001), categorize conflict theories across two axes: momentus vs. mundane and exceptional vs. endemic. This categorization reflects when and the extent to which theorists believe that disharmonize is pathological in a society.
- Sociologists take used conflict theory to frame and raise discussions as far-ranging every bit historical events to individualistic vs. collectivistic cultures and gender discrimination in the workplace.
Evolution of Disharmonize Theory
Large-calibration ceremonious unrests and large demographic dislocations, extreme poverty, and a wide gap between the interests and wealth of workers and owners lead to the evolution of Marxist disharmonize theory, which emphasizes the omnipresence of the divides of social class.
Later, conflict theory manifested in World Wars and Civil Rights movements, empowerment movements and rebuttals of colonial rule (Bartos and Wehr, 2002).
Although people have been spreading disharmonize from a folk knowledge context for millenia, the philosophy underlying disharmonize theory — and intentional thinking effectually how people understand conflict and how they can resolve information technology in constructive means — stems from the thinking of Karl Marx, Max Weber, and George Simmel.
However, sociologists such as Bartos and Wehr (2002) suggest the definition that conflict is any situation where actors apply disharmonize action against each other in order to attain incompatible goals or to limited their hostility.
When two or more individuals pursue incompatible interests, they are in a relationship of conflict. For instance, if the workers in a manufactory wish to piece of work equally little as possible and be paid equally much as possible, and the owners want the workers to work as much as possible with as footling pay as possible, and then the workers and owners have incompatible interests (Bartos and Wehr, 2002).
Conflict can also manifest when groups do non necessarily have incompatible goals, but they feel hostility toward each other. Hostility arises out of not-rational controlling, which is impulsive and often at odds with the actions rational analysis (such as prospect or utility theory) may suggest.
Because of this contradiction, disharmonize behavior heavily influenced by hostility can be damaging to the player's interest in the long term (Bartos and Wehr, 2002).
Finally, "conflict behavior" covers many types of behavior. Conflict behavior can consist in rational actions (actions which consider and accurately judge all possible outcomes) and the expression of hostility, also as beliefs that is either coercive (such every bit causing bully concrete harm to an opponent) or cooperative (Bartos and Wehr, 2002).
Understanding Conflict Theory
Functionalist Approaches to Disharmonize Theory
Functionalist theories, particularly those of structural functionalism which dominated the US in the 1940s and 1950s, tend to see conflict as momentous and exceptional (i.e. unusual). When conflict is momentous, information technology is likely to outcome in major upheavals and potentially momentous change.
Functionalism in sum is a theory based on the premise that every aspect of a society — such as institutions, roles, and norms — serve some purpose to the social club and that all of these systems work together with internal consistency (Wells, 1979).
Talcott Parsons (1964) is the most prominent structural functionalist who studied conflict. Parsons believed that disharmonize generally did not overwhelm social relations, and thus, that overwhelming, momentus conflict was infrequent.
When disharmonize does happen in a social situation, information technology is because in that location is something psychologically wrong with 1 of these essential institutions, and thus, conflict is a harbinger of potentially major change (Crouch, 2001).
Marxist Approach to Disharmonize Theory
Marx's version of conflict theory focused on the disharmonize between ii primary classes within capitalist gild: the ruling backer course (or bourgeoisie) who ain the means of production, and the working class (or proletariat), whose alienated labor the bourgeoisie exploit to produce turn a profit.
If the power of the ruling grade is challenged, past, say strikes and protests, the ruling class can use the police force to criminalize those posing the threat, and media reporting will exist manipulated to give the impression that the ruling course's interests are those of the whole nation.
For Marxists, the appearance of consensus is an illusion; it conceals the reality of one class imposing its will on the rest of society.
Coercion – the employ of the army, police and other government agencies to force other classes to accept ruling class ideology.
In dissimilarity to functionalist theories of disharmonize, Marxist theories of conflict run across conflict every bit endemic and momentus (Marx, 2000). Owned conflict theories meet conflict every bit an inherent attribute of social relations, and likely to occur at many points over the form of a human relationship.
Conflict is owned to social relations, according to Marxism, because of the conventionalities that society is based upon class relations and that those from unlike form groups accept opposing interests.
This conflict is implicit to every interaction, and conflict does non just exist when information technology overtly manifests itself in deportment.
Indeed, according to Marxists, weaker parties in the course conflict may exist powerless or as well fearful to limited disharmonize openly (Rowthorn, 1980).
Marxist vs. Functionalist Approaches to Conflict
While a functionalist may view conflict between a supervisor and their employees as a symptom of something existence wrong in the organization, a Marxist sociologist may view this conflict as a reflection of the reality of the relationship between the supervisor and his workers.
An absence of disharmonize would deny the inherent and fundamental divides underlying every structural separate in a Marxist society (Hunker, 2001).
Although both functionalism and Marxism disagree as to whether or not disharmonize is inherent to social interactions, both approaches concur that conflict is probable to bring near disorder and potentially radical social change.
In the case of Marxism, a momentous course conflict volition lead to a catastrophic dissolution of class relations.
Indeed, in a way some sociologists have called ironic (Burrow, 2001), the ongoing social order according to Marxism resembles that of the functionalist social order. All institutions tend to attempt to maintain the current social order.
Conflict equally Mundane
Disharmonize can as well be seen as mundane — unlikely to lead to an upheaval and radical social change. According to institutionalized disharmonize theory, for example, in cases where institutions are separated from each other, it is unlikely that disharmonize will spread between institutions.
This desire to separate institutions emerged in response to the fascism and extreme movements arising out of the early-mid 20th century. In particular, political sociologists were interested in how unlike identities in disharmonize could run together or cross-cut each other (Lipset, 1964; Hunker, 2001).
When groups tend to agree more identities in conflict with some other grouping, the conflict is more widespread and more intense.
For example, ane would expect a society where most blacks were working-class Catholics and nigh whites were bourgeois protestants to be in greater and more intense conflict than 1 where a significant proportion of whites were working-course Catholics and so on.
Conflict, Micro-functionalism and Applied Sociology
Micro-functionalism, in short, is a form of functionalism that stresses the separateness of social institutions. Micro-functionalism and applied sociology see conflict as mundane and infrequent.
Like functionalism, to micro functionalists, disharmonize is unusual and pathological, and events such as strikes, divorces, criminal offence and violence are seen as indicators of malfunctioning, but mundane malfunctioning.
Practical sociology, in its written report of social issues such as wedlock, poverty, and social movements, similarly sees conflict in these domains every bit pathological but unlikely to cause a groovy upheaval in greater society.
Critical Folklore and the Normalization of Conflict
To critical sociologists, such as feminist sociologists, meet confllict every bit both endemic and mundane. Generally, modern sociologists have seen conflict every bit both endemic and mundane and thus regarded as normal, leading to the disappearance of a distinctive conflict sociology in recent years (Crouch, 2001).
Some disquisitional sociologists, such equally Ralf Dahrendorf, meet conflict as non but endemic and functional, but capable of sustaining the social lodge in itself.
People innovated and created institutions, in Dahrendof's arroyo (1972) past openly expressing and working out differences, difficulties, and contradictions.
This provides a radical contrast to structural functionalism in contending that the endemicity and mundanity — as opposed to the momentousness and exceptionality — of conflict preserves social structures rather than destroying them (Hunker, 2001).
Dahrendorf wrote from the cultural context of the conflicted history of Germany in the early-to-mid 20th century (Dahrendorf 1966). Postwar German sociologists, such as Habermas (1981) tended to stress open dialogue and communication in the working out of conflicts.
The works of Max Weber pb to an increasing view of disharmonize as normalized (Weber, 1978). Weber, unlike Marx, did not reduce social relations to fabric class interests.
For him, conflict could be almost any number of factors, from idealistic beliefs to symbolic orders, and none were necessarily any more important than the others (Hunker, 2001).
Conflict, Hostility, and Rationality/Irrationality
Ane mode that sociologists' advise of reducing conflict is rational determination-making. Weber (1978) argued that in that location are 2 types of rationality involved in decision-making processes.
The kickoff, instrumental rationality, is directed at carrying out a specific goal, such as buying the all-time car with the money i has, or deciding which topics to revise in order to pass an exam the side by side mean solar day.
The other type of rationality that Weber proposes is value rationality, when the objective is to adjust to a vaguely defined set of values, such equally when a religious person is trying to determine which amidst various ways of practise is most appropriate (Bartos and Wehr, 2002).
Sociologists consider the implementation of then-called rational determination-making to exist effused with difficulties. Different individuals in different contexts can differ greatly in what they consider to be a rational choice.
Still, sociologists concord that an action is rational if they consider the set of all relevant alternatives, and assess every consequence correctly. Of course, this is unlikely in exercise, and thus few actors make decisions completely rationally.
One form of not-rational decision making that sociologists consider to drive conflict is hostility. Conflicts that start rationally may end non-rationally. For case, a demonstration planned to let a group'due south point of view exist known may turn into a riot with stone throwing, the burning of cars, and looting.
Conflict and hostility have a reciprocal relationship: hostility can add fuel to and intensify conflict behavior, and conflict can intensify hostility. As conflicts continue and actors inflict damage on each other, participants may get motivated by desires across reaching their original goals, such equally inflicting as much harm on the perceived enemy as possible (Bartos and Wehr, 2002).
Causes of Conflict
Generally, sociologists agree that conflict occurs due to groups having incompatible goals. However, these incompatible goals by and large arise from several factors: including contested resources, incompatible roles, and incompatible values.
Contested Resource
Contested Resources draws three main categories that contested resource fit into: wealth, power, and prestige. Generally, wealth involves tangibles, such equally money or country (Weber, 1978)
For example, children hearing the reading of the volition of a deceased parent may suddenly come up into conflict as they each believe that they deserve more coin than was allocated to them.
Land has also been the source of a number of historical and gimmicky conflicts, such every bit the conflict over Due east Jerusalem and Golan Heights between State of israel, Palestine, and Syrian arab republic (Bartos and Wehr, 2002).
An actor, according to Bartos and Wehr (2002) is powerful if they tin coerce others into doing what they desire by either promising to reward the activeness they desire or past threatening to punish them for declining to do and so.
Power is generally unequally distributed, and parties in a ability relationship tin either dominate some other, or when one party has greater power potential than the other does.
For example, after WWI, the Treaty of Versailles allowed for the allied powers to dominate Federal republic of germany, requiring the country to pay heavy reparations to the allied forces.
However, with the rise of Hitler, Deutschland was rearmed, increasing the country'south power potential. Thus, Federal republic of germany was able to invade Austria and Czechoslovakia with dispensation (Bartos and Wehr, 2002).
Prestige tin can also be a contested resource. Generally those held in loftier respect (loftier prestige) have power, and those who have ability are often held in high respect. Actors tin take high prestige in certain situations and much lower prestige in others.
Incompatible Roles
Incompatible goals inside an system may ascend out of incompatible roles. In the study of conflict, sociologists have emphasized vertical office differentiation, which assigns unlike roles to different positions within the power hierarchy.
Although many sociologists have studied the conflict arising from role differentiation, they take not more often than not agreed on whether function differentiation causes conflict.
In dissimilarity, an organization can have function differentiation considering members have fractional and specific responsibilities, such every bit that of an engineer or a salesperson.
Although these roles are dissimilar in nature, those playing these rules do not refer to their relationships equally those of superiors and subordinates (Bartos and Wehr, 2002).
Nevertheless, the roles of a horizontally integrated organization can still be incompatible.
For example, while an engineer may need to design a building that has beams visible from the atrium for structural stability reasons, this may contradict an architect or interior designer's desire to have a clean, modern space without visible structure elements.
Incompatible Values
Groups separated from each other can as well develop cultures that encourage incompatible values. This can happen due to separation, the values of communities and systems, or role differentiation.
Separation can occur on either the individual or group level. In either case, those separated from others develop unique sets of values, as their interactions with those in their ingroups are more intense than those with the outgroup.
One extreme example of isolation is cults. Cults can range from religious cults that may, for example, worship an ancient god to secular cults such as militias that oppose the regime.
These organizations are generally small and have conspicuously divers beliefs, values, and norms that brand them distinct from both other cults and mainstream civilisation (Bartos and Wehr, 2002).
Those in groups likewise tend to class their own grouping identities, where they tend to value themselves more than highly than others value them (Where, 2002).
This "ethnocentric" view — manifested today in the grade of nationalism, for case (Chrristenson et al. 1975) — makes it easier for actions inflicted by other groups, notwithstanding unintentional, to be seen equally slights on the ethnocentric group (Bartos and Wehr, 2002).
Community and System Values
The American sociologist Talcott Parsons (1951) noted that in the creation of a social system, actors have to decide whether the relationships amidst themselves are: affective or affectively neutral; self or collectively oriented; universalistic or particularistic; specific or diffuse; ascription or accomplishment oriented.
In making these decisions, societies adopt a set up of cultural values. Small tribal societies tend to prefer communal values, and large societies tend to adopt system values (Bartos and Wehr, 2002), which in themselves can lead to goal incompatibility (conflict) betwixt societies.
Communal values emerge from face-to-face interactions and tend to be effective, collectivistic, particularistic, ascriptive and diffuse, while system values tend to be the opposite.
Habermas (1987) considers these opposing communal and organization values to be a potential source of social conflict. Avant-garde industrial societies, in Habermas' view, tend to "colonize" and "deform" communal life.
Role Differentiation
Finally, role differentiation can straight create incompatible goals by means of nudging those with different goals to deed in incompatible means.
Roles tin emphasize, every bit discussed previously, communal or arrangement values.
For example, a pastor may emphasize love (an affective communal value) while a businessman may value efficiency — a system value — every bit more important than love in a business context (Bartos and Wehr, 2002).
Examples of Conflict
The Cuban Missile Crisis
During the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, the U.s. and the Soviet Union became close to nuclear war (Downing, 1992). The Soviet leader Kruschev installed medium-range missiles in Cuba.
The president of the United States had to negotiate the risks of reacting too strongly (nuclear war) with the drawbacks of responding weakly (increasing the influence of the Soviet Wedlock).
That is to say, the Us and the Soviet Union had deeply conflicting interests: the Soviet Union wanted to increase its missile supremacy, and the United States wanted to curtail information technology (Bartos and Wehr, 2002).
Conflict and Individualism
Although some societies (such equally Japan) tin can preserve some features of small-scale groups, most wealthy, industrialized western societies tend to encourage individualism, which encourages members of a society to formulate and develop their own values rather than accepting those of the larger groups (Bartos and Wehr, 2002).
Individual personality differences — such as extraversion, assailment, talkativity, and problem-solving style — may pb to the development of incompatible values.
One'due south alignment with individualism or collectivism tin can too have a great touch on on styles of decision-making in conflicts.
According to LeFebvre and Franke (2013), for case, participants with higher levels of individualism tended to favor rational approaches to conclusion making, while those with higher levels of collectivism tended to value staying loyal to the interests of their ingroups.
A Conflict Theory of Sexual Stratification
Collins (1971) attempts to explain employment discrimination confronting women as the outcome of a sexual stratification system synthetic from the perspectives of Freud and Weber.
In short, Weber argued that disharmonize emerges over a struggle for as much authorisation over other groups equally resources permit. In the early 1970s, women tended to comprise a low number of professional person and transmission labor positions relative to men.
For instance, in 1971, xviii% of college professors were female and 3.3% of lawyers and judges. Historically, explanations for this imbalance involved a perceived lack of preparation and a low-commitment to professional work in favor of kid rearing (Collins, 1971).
Even so, as Collins demonstrates, neither of these are necessarily true. Rather, Collins suggests that women belong to a lower class in a sexual stratification system. This is evidenced by how women in the 1970s who took on managerial roles tended to do then mostly in professions dominated by women (such as nursing).
Collins then goes on to theorize that men's large size and loftier sexual and ambitious drives has led to the celebrated subjugation of women by men.
In this system, co-ordinate to Collins (1971), women tin can be caused as sexual property and thus subjugated to the part of "menial servants" (Levi-Strauss, 1949).
About the Author
Charlotte Nickerson is a member of the Form of 2024 at Harvard Academy. Coming from a research groundwork in biological science and archaeology, Charlotte currently studies how digital and physical space shapes human beliefs, norms, and behaviors and how this can be used to create businesses with greater social impact.
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How to reference this article:
Nickerson, C. (2021, Oct 21). Conflict theory. Just Psychology. www.simplypsychology.org/disharmonize-theory.html
References
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Wells, A. (1979). Conflict theory and functionalism: Introductory sociology textbooks, 1928-1976. Teaching Sociology, 429-437.
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